Science,  27 SEP 2024, Volume 385 Issue 6716

《科学》，2024年9月27日，第385卷，6716期

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化学Chemistry

Solar transpiration–powered lithium extraction and storage

太阳能蒸腾驱动的锂提取和储存

▲ 作者：YAN SONG, SHIQI FANG et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adm7034

▲ 摘要：受大自然在蒸腾作用中选择性提取物种的启发，我们报告一种太阳能蒸腾驱动的锂提取和储存（STLES）装置。该装置可以利用自然阳光从盐水中提取和储存锂。具体来说，该装置使用分层的太阳能蒸发器来产生压力梯度，从而在盐水中提取锂，并将其收集在储存层中。

长期实验、多种膜测试和不同尺寸评估证明了该材料的稳定性、兼容性和可扩展性。这种太阳能采矿技术为关键资源的可持续开采提供了另一种发展途径。

▲ Abstract：Inspired by nature’s ability to selectively extract species in transpiration, we report a solar transpiration–powered lithium extraction and storage (STLES) device that can extract and store lithium from brines using natural sunlight. Specifically, the device uses a hierarchically structured solar transpirational evaporator to create a pressure gradient, which allows for the extraction of lithium from brines through a membrane and its storage in a vascular storage layer. Long-term experiments, various membrane tests, and different size assessments demonstrate the stability, compatibility, and scalability of STLES. This solar-powered mining technology provides an alternative developing pathway toward the sustainable extraction of critical resources.

生物学Biology

A host-adapted auxotrophic gut symbiont induces mucosal immunodeficiency

宿主适应的营养不良肠道共生体诱导粘膜免疫缺陷

▲ 作者：QIUHE LU, THOMAS C. A. HITCH et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk2536 

▲ 摘要：在此，我们展示了低肠道免疫球蛋白A（IgA）水平小鼠的细菌微生物群的功能筛选。我们鉴定了一种被称为Tomasiella immunophila的革兰氏阴性细菌，其在小鼠肠道中诱导和降解IgA。携带T. immunophila的小鼠易受感染，且粘膜修复不良。T. immunophila对细菌细胞壁氨基糖N-乙酰胞壁酸具有营养不良缺陷。

它将免疫球蛋白降解蛋白酶传递到外膜囊泡中，这些囊泡优先降解具有kappa轻链而不是lambda轻链的啮齿动物抗体。这项研究表明了共生体在免疫缺陷中的作用，这可能适用于人类疾病。

▲ Abstract：We show a functional screen of the bacterial microbiota from mice with low intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels; we identified a Gram-negative bacterium, proposed as Tomasiella immunophila, that induces and degrades IgA in the mouse intestine. Mice harboring T. immunophila are susceptible to infections and show poor mucosal repair. T. immunophila is auxotrophic for the bacterial cell wall amino sugar N-acetylmuramic acid. It delivers immunoglobulin-degrading proteases into outer membrane vesicles that preferentially degrade rodent antibodies with kappa but not lambda light chains. This work indicates a role for symbionts in immunodeficiency, which might be applicable to human disease.

Prefrontal synaptic regulation of homeostatic sleep pressure revealed through synaptic chemogenetics

通过突触化学遗传学揭示前额叶突触对稳态睡眠压力的调节

▲ 作者：TAKESHI SAWADA, YUSUKE IINO et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl3043

▲摘要：睡眠是由体内平衡过程调节的，然而，在清醒时、触发时以及消散时积累睡眠压力的生物学基础仍然不明。我们通过建立一个理论框架和分子工具来操纵突触强度，探索了细胞突触强度和指示宏观睡眠压力的脑电图δ功率之间的因果关系。

数学模型预测认为，突触强度的增加促进了神经元的“下降状态”，并提高了δ功率。我们的分子工具，通过化学诱导的Kalirin-7蛋白易位诱导树突棘增大和突触增强，证明了前额叶皮层兴奋性神经元的突触增强增加了非快速眼动睡眠量和δ功率。因此，前额叶皮层兴奋性神经元的突触强度决定了哺乳动物的睡眠压力。

▲ Abstract：Sleep is regulated by homeostatic processes, yet the biological basis of sleep pressure that accumulates during wakefulness, triggers sleep, and dissipates during sleep remains elusive. We explored a causal relationship between cellular synaptic strength and electroencephalography delta power indicating macro-level sleep pressure by developing a theoretical framework and a molecular tool to manipulate synaptic strength. The mathematical model predicted that increased synaptic strength promotes the neuronal “down state” and raises the delta power. Our molecular tool (synapse-targeted chemically induced translocation of Kalirin-7, SYNCit-K), which induces dendritic spine enlargement and synaptic potentiation through chemically induced translocation of protein Kalirin-7, demonstrated that synaptic potentiation of excitatory neurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) increases nonrapid eye movement sleep amounts and delta power. Thus, synaptic strength of PFC excitatory neurons dictates sleep pressure in mammals.

Mutating a flexible region of the RSV F protein can stabilize the prefusion conformation

基于柔性区域改造的RSV F蛋白融合前构象稳定性突变设计

▲ 作者：YU LIANG, SHUAI SHAO et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp2362

▲ 摘要：我们提出了一种诱变策略，通过阻断伴随大规模构象重排的蛋白质结构的局部变化来阻止RSV F蛋白处于其pre-F状态。我们产生了一系列突变体，并在体外筛选它们，以评估它们形成稳定的pre-F的潜力。

在动物实验中，一种具有代表性的突变型F蛋白的免疫原性引发了与许可疫苗中使用的pre-F的DS-Cav1相当的中和抗体水平和对rsv诱导的肺损伤的保护。

▲ Abstract：We present a mutagenesis strategy to arrest the RSV F protein in its pre-F state by blocking localized changes in protein structure that accompany large-scale conformational rearrangements. We generated a series of mutants and screened them in vitro to assess their potential for forming a stable pre-F. In animals, the immunogenicity of a representative mutant F protein, with a conformation confirmed by cryo–electron microscopy, elicited levels of neutralizing antibodies and protection against RSV-induced lung damage that were comparable to those of DS-Cav1, a pre-F used in a licensed vaccine.

地球科学Earth Science

Four decades of Hawaiian monk seal entanglement data reveal the benefits of plastic debris removal

四十年来夏威夷僧海豹缠绕的数据揭示了清除塑料碎片的好处

▲ 作者：JASON D. BAKER, THEA C. JOHANOS et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado2834

▲摘要：废弃渔具会对海洋物种和生态系统造成危害。为了减轻这些海洋塑料碎片造成的破坏，已经建立了各种清理计划。但据我们所知，这些努力对海洋物种和生态系统的好处尚未得到实证证明。

我们研究了在西北夏威夷群岛开始大规模海洋垃圾清除工作前后40多年的夏威夷僧海豹海洋垃圾缠绕记录，表明在垃圾清除工作最集中的地方，缠绕率大幅降低。大规模、持续地清除废弃渔具对海洋生态系统有益，并有可能改变生态恢复工作。

▲ Abstract：Abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear causes harm to marine species and ecosystems. To mitigate the destruction wrought by this ocean plastic debris, various cleanup programs have been established, though to our knowledge the benefits of such efforts to marine species and ecosystems have not yet been empirically demonstrated. We examined more than 40 years of Hawaiian monk seal marine debris entanglement records before and after large-scale marine debris removal efforts were initiated in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, demonstrating a substantial reduction in entanglement rates where debris removal effort was most concentrated. Large-scale and sustained removal of abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear meaningfully benefits marine ecosystems and has the potential to be transformational in restoration efforts.

3775-year-old wood burial supports “wood vaulting” as a durable carbon removal method

3775年前的木葬证明“木材墓穴”可作为一种持久的除碳方法

▲ 作者：NING ZENG, XINPENG ZHAO et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adm8133

▲摘要：陆地光合作用每年清除的二氧化碳量是化石燃料排放的6倍。然而，通过分解后大部分的碳回到大气中。我们在地下2米处发现了一根3775年前的古原木，它的保存时间远远超过预期。这根木材保存得近乎完美，与现代样品相比，碳损失不到5%。它没有腐烂的原因可能是埋藏地点致密粘土的低渗透性。

我们的观察表明，通过将木质生物质埋在类似的缺氧环境中，可以采用一种混合的自然工程方法来除碳。我们估计，利用现有技术，以每吨30至100美元的低成本优化后，全球封存潜力可达每年100亿吨二氧化碳。

▲ Abstract：Six-times more carbon dioxide (CO2) is removed each year by terrestrial photosynthesis than fossil fuel emissions. However, the carbon is mostly returned to the atmosphere by decomposition. We found a 3775-year-old ancient wood log buried 2 meters belowground that was preserved far beyond its expected lifetime. The wood had near-perfect preservation, with carbon loss less than 5% compared to a modern sample. The lack of decay is likely due to the low permeability of the compact clay soil at the burial site. Our observation suggests a hybrid nature-engineering approach for carbon removal by burying woody biomass in similar anoxic environments. We estimate a global sequestration potential of up to 10 gigatonnes CO₂ per year with existing technology at a low cost of $30 to $100 per tonne after optimization.