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| 锟斤拷锟斤拷石墨锟斤拷锟津化猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷芯锟斤拷锟秸� |
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锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷泄锟斤拷锟窖г猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷芯锟斤拷锟�/锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷态锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷实锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟节碉拷锟斤拷石墨锟侥撅拷锟津化猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷取锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷展锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟姐够强锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷拢锟绞拷械锟斤拷锟斤拷说愀斤拷锟斤拷锟教拷蔷锟斤拷蚧模锟斤拷锟斤拷揖锟斤拷锟教拷头蔷锟斤拷锟教拷锟斤拷转锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) 锟斤拷锟酵碉拷转锟戒。锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰碉拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷识锟斤拷锟斤拷石墨锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟藉。
锟斤拷锟津化和斤拷锟斤拷-锟斤拷缘锟斤拷转锟斤拷锟角碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷态锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫碉拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟解。锟斤拷锟斤拷斯锟劫达拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷•锟斤拷锟斤拷•锟斤拷锟斤拷森锟斤拷Philip Warren Anderson锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷为锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷系统锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷芯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1977锟斤拷诺锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷森证锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷械牡锟斤拷锟教拷煞锟轿拷锟秸固拷途锟斤拷锟教拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节凤拷锟斤拷锟芥附锟斤拷锟侥碉拷锟斤拷态锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸固拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟教拷锟阶拷洌拷锟斤拷褰拷岱拷锟斤拷咏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆碉拷锟侥帮拷锟斤拷森转锟戒，锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷洹�1973锟疥，英锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷学J. M. Kosterlitz锟斤拷D. J. Thouless 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥革拷锟筋。锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷2维XY模锟斤拷时锟斤拷锟街ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷裕锟斤拷锟斤拷露锟斤拷锟斤拷叩锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷俳锟斤拷露锟绞憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆憋拷锟斤拷锟剿讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷散锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街讹拷锟斤拷锟剿讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰碉拷锟斤拷浔伙拷锟轿狵osterlitz-Thouless (K-T) 锟斤拷洹ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷氐锟斤拷牵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿拷悖拷锟斤拷锟斤拷露鹊谋浠拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞的憋拷锟斤拷锟皆改变，锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷洹�2004锟疥，英锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷斯锟截达拷学A. K. Geim锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷晒锟斤拷票锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟戒动锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷石墨锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷之锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷盏锟斤拷锟斤拷诜锟斤拷锟斤拷娓斤拷锟斤拷牡锟斤拷芙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆碉拷锟斤拷锟剿凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷薛锟斤拷锟教凤拷锟教★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷牡锟斤拷鹊锟斤拷锟斤拷朔锟斤拷碳锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷为锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷石墨锟叫的碉拷锟斤拷锟角猴拷锟窖憋拷锟斤拷锟津化的★拷
锟斤拷士锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷员谢锟侥澄★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸渡达拷学锟斤拷锟斤拷平锟斤拷锟节等猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟剿碉拷锟斤拷石墨锟叫达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷碌锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷狻ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷媒锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥ｏ拷秃偷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷趾锟斤拷锟斤拷姆锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街碉拷锟斤拷Landauer-Büttiker锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿电导锟斤拷锟界导锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷应锟侥憋拷群锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇hysical Review B 78, 155413 (2008)锟斤拷Yan-Yang Zhang et al.锟斤拷锟较ｏ拷同时锟斤拷2008锟斤拷10锟铰碉拷Physical Review B (http://prb.aps.org/covers/78/15) 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷为锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷吮锟斤拷锟斤拷透叨锟斤拷锟斤拷邸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷强锟斤拷锟姐够锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷石墨锟叫碉拷锟斤拷锟剿点附锟斤拷锟斤拷态锟角撅拷锟津化的ｏ拷锟斤拷锟揭撅拷锟斤拷态锟酵非撅拷锟斤拷态锟斤拷锟阶拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷锟終-T锟斤拷锟酵碉拷转锟戒。锟叫撅拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟津化的达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟姐够强时锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷为锟斤拷锟斤拷全偏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷牡锟斤拷鹊锟斤拷锟斤拷朔锟斤拷蹋锟斤拷佣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷墓燃锟缴拷锟酵憋拷散锟戒。锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟芥，锟斤拷转锟斤拷之锟斤拷锟斤拷为K-T锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷源锟斤拷转锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆和凤拷锟斤拷裕锟斤拷锟終osterlitz锟斤拷Thouless锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵硷拷锟揭伙拷隆锟斤拷锟叫╋拷锟斤拷锟皆斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷识石墨锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟藉。锟斤拷一锟叫撅拷锟缴癸拷锟窖凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷2009锟斤拷3锟斤拷10锟秸筹拷锟斤拷摹锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷劭毂拷锟斤拷锟�Physical Review Letters锟斤拷 102锟斤拷106401锟斤拷2009锟斤拷锟较★拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷芯锟斤拷玫锟斤拷泄锟斤拷锟窖г猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺伙拷锟窖э拷锟斤拷锟轿憋拷锟酵科硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷支锟街★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷源锟斤拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷学院锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟桔快报锟斤拷锟斤拷
Physical Review Letters锟斤拷锟斤拷102, 106401锟斤拷Yan-Yang Zhang锟斤拷W. M. Liu锟斤拷
