美国哈佛大学Paola Arlotta和美国麻省理工学院Elly Nedivi课题组合作取得最新进展。他们表明神经元类特异性应答控制新皮层的适应性髓鞘重塑。相关论文于2020年12月18日发表在《科学》杂志上。

他们在成年小鼠视觉皮层中沿兴奋性胼胝体神经元的单个轴突和表达抑制白蛋白的中间神经元进行了髓鞘体内双光子成像。 他们发现两种神经元类型在正常视力下均表现出稳态的髓鞘重塑。但是，单目剥夺仅在表达小白蛋白的中间神经元中导致适应性髓磷脂重塑。先是髓磷脂节段的伸长率增加，随后是分开的节段收缩。该数据表明，不同类别的神经元可辨别其髓鞘分布的重塑，以应答感官体验而使回路调谐多样化。

据悉，髓磷脂可塑性对于包括学习和记忆在内的神经功能至关重要。 但是，这种可塑性是否反映了所有神经元亚型的均匀变化，还是神经元类别之间的髓鞘动力学是否变化以实现自适应电路响应的微调，尚不清楚。

附：英文原文

Title: Neuron class–specific responses govern adaptive myelin remodeling in the neocortex

Author: Sung Min Yang, Katrin Michel, Vahbiz Jokhi, Elly Nedivi, Paola Arlotta

Issue&Volume: 2020/12/18

Abstract: Myelin plasticity is critical for neurological function, including learning and memory. However, it is unknown whether this plasticity reflects uniform changes across all neuronal subtypes, or whether myelin dynamics vary between neuronal classes to enable fine-tuning of adaptive circuit responses. We performed in vivo two-photon imaging of myelin sheaths along single axons of excitatory callosal neurons and inhibitory parvalbumin-expressing interneurons in adult mouse visual cortex. We found that both neuron types show homeostatic myelin remodeling under normal vision. However, monocular deprivation results in adaptive myelin remodeling only in parvalbumin-expressing interneurons. An initial increase in elongation of myelin segments is followed by contraction of a separate cohort of segments. This data indicates that distinct classes of neurons individualize remodeling of their myelination profiles to diversify circuit tuning in response to sensory experience.

DOI: 10.1126/science.abd2109

Source: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/370/6523/eabd2109