论文标题：Developments in genetic modification of cattle and implications for regulation, safety and traceability (牛遗传改造技术的发展及其对监管、安全和可追溯性的影响)

期刊：Frontiers of Agricultural Science & Engineering

作者：Jan Pieter VAN DER BERG, Gijs A. KLETER, Evy BATTAGLIA, Martien A. M. GROENEN, Esther J. KOK

发表时间：16 March 2020

DOI：10.15302/J-FASE-2019306

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文章摘要

遗传改造技术，特别是新的基因编辑技术显示出巨大的应用前景，相比起杂交育种而言，它能更有效地改变农场动物的遗传性状，从而使具有独特性状的新牛品种得到更迅速的培育和发展。基因编辑技术能够实现对某些特殊性状的直接改变，从而有可能提高牛的抗病性以及肉和奶产品的产量。这篇文章讨论了这些与动物克隆的技术进步对动物健康和消费者安全产生的潜在影响，同时也考虑了检测食品供应链中相关产品的现有方法；最后，概述了目前欧盟和向欧盟出口牛肉的主要国家的监管措施，这些措施主要针对的对象是现代生物技术培育的动物产品。

关键词：牛，食品安全，基因编辑，遗传改造，GMO检测，法规

文章亮点

1. 牛的遗传改造（GM）主要经历了三个里程碑：显微注射（MI），体细胞核移植（SCNT）以及位点特异性内切酶介导（SDN）的基因编辑。

2. 体细胞核移植（SCNT）程序对动物健康和福利的影响是各国政府制定立法和指导方针的原因之一。

3. 来自克隆、转基因或基因编辑牲畜的食品可能需要获得监管部门的批准，并进行广泛的安全评估，以确保消费者不会面临不利的健康风险。

4. 通常应用于转基因植物的比较方法也适用于动物，但某些情况对于动物应用起来比较困难。

5. 由于各国规定均不相同，关于转基因和基因编辑动物的畜产品的检测和可追溯性的法规还需要继续完善。

摘要

Genetic modification techniques, in particular novel gene editing technologies, hold the yet unfulfilled promise of altering genetic traits in farm animals more efficiently than by crossbreeding, allowing for a more rapid development of new cattle breeds with distinct traits. Gene editing technologies allow for the directed alteration of specific traits and thereby have the potential to enhance, for instance, disease resilience, production yield and the production of desired substances in milk. The potential implications of these technological advancements, which are often combined with animal cloning methods, are discussed both for animal health and for consumer safety, also with consideration of available methods for the detection and identification of the related products in the food supply chain. Finally, an overview is provided of current regulatory approaches in the European Union (EU) and major countries exporting beef to the EU, for products from animals bred through established practices as well as modern biotechnologies.

通讯作者

Jan Pieter VAN DER BERG

Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands.

[email protected]

（来源：科学网）